Izindleko zikagesi ezindlini ziye zanda ngokuqhubekayo emhlabeni wonke, futhi ukungazinzi kwegridi sekuyinkinga evamile kubaninimizi emadolobheni nasemaphandleni. Lokhu kuhlanganiswa kwengcindezi yezezimali nezinkinga zokwethembeka kuholele ekukhuleni okukhulu ekusetshenzisweni kwezixazululo zokugcina amandla ezindlini, njengoba abantu befuna ukulawula ugesi wabo. Ngaphandle nje kokugcina izibani zikhanya ngesikhathi sokuphazamiseka, amasistimu esimanje avumela imizi ukuthi igcine amandla elanga engeziwe ukuze iwasebenzise kamuva, okwandisa kakhulu ukuzisebenzisa nokunciphisa ukuncika kugridi kagesi. Umqondo wokuzimela ngamandla awuseyona nje iphupho elikude kodwa uyiqiniso elisebenzayo, futhi ushintsha indlela abaninimizi abacabanga ngayo ngobudlelwano babo nogesi. Njengoba imindeni eminingi itshala imali ekukhiqizeni amandla avuselelekayo, isidingo sesistimu yokugcina amandla ekhaya esebenza kahle sibe yingxenye ebalulekile yesu lesimanje lamandla. Lesi sihloko sizokuhola ekuguqukeni kwalobu buchwepheshe, kusukela kumabhethri ayisisekelo okuphazamiseka kuya ezinkundleni zokuphatha amandla ezihlakaniphile, eziphelele eziguqula indawo yokuhlala.

Inhliziyo yanoma iyiphi isixazululo sokugcina amandla ekhaya iyikhemikhali yebhethri enquma ukusebenza kwayo, ukuphepha, kanye nokuphila kwayo. Izinhlelo zokuqala zokuhlala zazincike kakhulu kumabhethri e-lead-acid, ayengabizi kodwa ehlushwa ukuphila okufushane, isisindo esinzima, kanye nokujula okulinganiselwe kokukhipha amandla, okwenza kungabi yinto ekahle ukusetshenziswa nsuku zonke. Ukushintshela kubuchwepheshe be-lithium-ion kwaba yintuthuko enkulu, lapho i-nickel manganese cobalt (NMC) yayiqala ukubusa emakethe ngenxa yamandla ayo aphezulu kanye nesikhala esincane. Nokho, ukukhathazeka ngokushisa okungalawuleki, ukungabi nabulungisa kochungechunge lokuhlinzekwa kwe-cobalt, kanye nokuguga kwesikhathi eside kuye kwaphoqa imboni ukuthi isebenzise i-lithium iron phosphate (LFP), manje eseyithathwa njengokukhetha okuhle kakhulu ezinhlelweni ezingashintshi. Amabhethri e-LFP anikeza ukuzinza okumangalisayo kokushisa, ukuphila okuvame ukudlula imijikelezo engu-6,000, kanye nezindleko eziphansi zobunikazi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi sohlelo, okwenza kube ukufaneleka okuhle emjikelezweni wansuku zonke welanga. Isici esibalulekile esenza lokhu kusebenza kwenzeke i-Battery Management System (BMS), eqapha amandla kagesi eseli, izinga lokushisa, kanye nomsinga ukuze ivimbele ukushaja ngokweqile, ukukhipha amandla ngokweqile, kanye nokucindezeleka kokushisa, ngaleyo ndlela ikhulise ukuphepha nokuphila isikhathi eside. Kubanikazi bezindlu abahlola izinketho, ukuqonda lokhu kwehluka kwamakhemikhali kubalulekile ekukhetheni uhlelo lokugcina amandla ekhaya oluzohlinzeka ngenkonzo ethembekile iminyaka eyishumi noma ngaphezulu.

Ekuqaleni kwezinsuku zokugcina amandla ezindlini, ukufaka uhlelo kwakusho ukuhlanganisa izingxenye ezihlukene ezivela kubakhiqizi abahlukene: ibhange lebhethri, i-inverter ehlukile, isilawuli sokushaja, kanye nendawo yokuphatha amandla yenkampani yangaphandle. Le ndlela ehlukanisiwe yadala izinselelo ezinkulu zokuhambisana, yenza ukufaka kube nzima, futhi ngokuvamile yaholela ekusebenzeni okungahambi kahle kohlelo ngenxa yezindlela zokuxhumana ezingahambisani phakathi kwemishini. Imboni iphendule ngokushintshela ngokuqinile ezinhlelweni ezihlanganisa konke ezihlanganisa ibhethri, i-inverter, kanye nohlelo lokuphatha amandla (EMS) lube yiyunithi eyodwa, elula, efika ilungele ukufakwa. Lokhu kulula kokuxhuma nokudlala kunciphisa kakhulu isikhathi sokufaka, kuqeda izinkinga zokuhambisana, futhi kunikeza umuzwa owodwa womsebenzisi ngenkundla eyodwa yokuqapha abanikazi bezindlu abangayifinyelela kumakhalekhukhwini wabo. Izinhlelo zesimanje ezihlanganisa konke azigcini nje ngokuhlanganisa okulula kodwa zifaka namandla athuthukile okuphatha amandla afana nokubikezela umthwalo, okuhlaziya amaphethini omlando wokusetshenziswa ukuze kubikezelwe isidingo esizayo futhi kulungiswe ukuthunyelwa kwebhethri ngokufanele. Ukusetshenziswa kahle kwesikhathi sentengo kungenye into ehlakaniphile ezishaja ngokuzenzakalelayo ibhethri lapho amanani kagesi ephansi futhi ikhiphe amandla ngezikhathi zamanani aphezulu, ikhulise ukonga kwezimali ngaphandle kokungenelela ngesandla. Izinkampani ezinjengeHorizon lithium Tech Co., Ltd., ezinolwazi olujulile kubuchwepheshe bebhethri ye-lithium eminye imikhakha, manje zisebenzisa ulwazi lwazo ukuze zakhe izixazululo ezihlanganisiwe nezithembekile emakethe yezindlu, futhi ungafunda okwengeziwe ngendlela yazo kwiwebhusayithi yazo.Ikhaya ikhasi.

Namuhla, imikhiqizo ehamba phambili yokugcina amandla ekhaya ichazwa ngezici ezimbalwa ezibalulekile ezibhekana ngqo nokushoda kwezizukulwane zangaphambili futhi inikeze inani eliphathekayo kubanikazi bezindlu. Umklamo oyimojula usewumgogodla wezinhlelo zanamuhla, uvumela abasebenzisi ukuthi baqale ngomthamo oyisisekelo ohambisana nesabelomali sabo samanje nezidingo zamandla, bese bengeza amamojula ebhethri engeziwe kalula njengoba izidingo zabo zikhula ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Lokhu kukala kubaluleke kakhulu emindenini ehlela ukwandisa uhlelo lwayo lwamandla elanga noma ukwandisa umthamo wayo wokushaja izimoto zikagesi esikhathini esizayo, ngoba kuvikela utshalomali lwayo lokuqala ngaphandle kokudinga ukushintshwa okuphelele kohlelo. Ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu kokujikeleza kungenye incazelo ebalulekile, njengoba izinhlelo ezixhunywe nge-DC manje sezivamile ukuthola amazinga okusebenza kahle angaphezu kuka-96%, okusho ukuthi amandla amancane kakhulu alahleka ngesikhathi somjikelezo wokushaja nokukhipha amandla uma kuqhathaniswa nezinhlelo ezindala ezixhunywe nge-AC. Izitifiketi zokuphepha nazo zithuthuke kakhulu, njengoba imikhiqizo manje ingaphansi kwamazinga aqinile okuhlola afana ne-UL 9540 ne-IEC 62619, ahlanganisa konke kusukela ekusakazekeni kokushisa okungalawuleki emazingeni amaseli kuya ekuphepheni komlilo ezingeni lohlelo. Izinhlelo ezithuthukile zokuphatha ukushisa, ezihlanganisa ukupholisa ngoketshezi nezakhi ezisebenzayo zokufudumeza, ziqinisekisa ukuthi ibhethri lisebenza ngaphakathi kwebanga lokushisa elilungileyo kungakhathaliseki izimo zezulu zangaphandle, zigcina kokubili ukusebenza nokuphila isikhathi eside ezindaweni ezinesimo sezulu esibi. Kulabo abacwaninga ngezinketho, ukuhlala unolwazi mayelana nentuthuko yakamuva yomkhiqizo namazinga okuphepha kubalulekile, futhi i-Izindaba isigaba sabaholi bezimboni sinikeza izibuyekezo ezibalulekile kulobu buchwepheshe obuguqukayo.

Izinga lokuthuthukiswa kwezinto zokugcina amandla ezindlini alibonisi ukwehla, futhi izitayela ezimbalwa ezisafufusa zithembisa ukwenza izinhlelo zesizukulwane esilandelayo zibe nobuhlakani, zibe nokuhlukahluka, futhi zibe nezindleko eziphansi. Ubuhlakani bokwenziwa (Artificial Intelligence) bulungele ukuguqula ukuphathwa kohlelo ngokusebenzisa ama-algorithms okubikezela ukulungiswa okuhlaziya idatha yokusebenza kwebhethri ngesikhathi sangempela ukuze kutholakale izimpawu zokuqala zokuguga noma ukwehluleka kwengxenye ngaphambi kokuthi kubangele ukuphazamiseka kohlelo. Le ndlela yokuqikelela ukuthembeka izokwandisa impilo yohlelo, yehlise izindleko zokulungisa, futhi inikeze abanikazi bezindlu ukuzethemba okukhulu engqalasizinda yabo yamandla. Ukuhlanganiswa kwe-Vehicle-to-Home (V2H) kungenye intrendi eguquguqukayo eqala ukuthola ukudonsa kwezohwebo, okuvumela ibhethri lemoto kagesi ukuthi lisebenze njengomthombo owengeziwe wamandla endlini ongasebenzisa imithwalo yasendlini ngezikhathi eziphakeme noma ngezikhathi zokuphazamiseka kwegridi. Lokhu kuhlanganiswa empeleni kuguqula i-EV ibe yibhethri enkulu, ehambayo ehambisana nohlelo lokugcina amandla olungashintshi endlini, okudala ukusebenzisana okunamandla phakathi kwezokuthutha nokuphathwa kwamandla ezindlini. Ngakolunye uhlangothi lwamakhemikhali, amabhethri e-sodium-ion avela njengenye indlela ethembisayo kumakhemikhali asuselwa ku-lithium, enikeza amandla ezindleko eziphansi kakhulu zempahla kanye nokusimama kwemvelo okuthuthukisiwe njengoba i-sodium itholakala kakhulu futhi itholakala emhlabeni wonke. Nakuba ubuchwepheshe be-sodium-ion okwamanje busemuva kwe-LFP ekuminyaneni kwamandla, inqubekelaphambili yocwaningo esheshayo iphakamisa ukuthi ingaba yinketho esebenzayo yezinhlelo zokugcina ezingashintshi eminyakeni emihlanu kuya kweyishumi ezayo. Kubanikazi bezindlu nabafaki, ukuhlala ngaphambi kwalezi zitayela kubalulekile, futhi ukuthola ukufinyelela okuthembekileUkusekela izinsiza nezibuyekezo zemboni zingakusiza wenze izinqumo ezinolwazi mayelana nokuvikela ikusasa lokutshalwa kwezimali kwakho kwamandla.

Ukukhetha isixazululo esifanele sokugcina amandla ekhaya kudinga ukuhlolisisa ngokucophelela izindlela zokusebenzisa amandla emndenini wakho, amandla okukhiqiza amandla elanga, isabelomali, kanye nezinjongo zesikhathi eside zokuzimela emandleni. Ukuguquka kusuka kumabhethri alula e-lead-acid okuyisipele kuya ezinhlelweni eziyinkimbinkimbi eziqhutshwa yi-AI eziyinhlanganisela yonke kunikeze abanikazi bezindlu banamuhla izinketho ezingakaze zibonwe ezingahle zilungiswe cishe kunoma yikuphi ukusetshenziswa. Ukubeka phambili ubuchwepheshe be-LFP, ukukhula okumodula, ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu okuyindingiliza, kanye nezitifiketi eziqinile zokuphepha kuzoqinisekisa ukuthi utshalomali lwakho lunikeza ukusebenza okuthembekile kanye nezinzuzo eziqinile zezimali phakathi nempilo yalo yokusebenza. Kubalulekile futhi ukucabangela idumela kanye nomlando womkhiqizi, njengoba ikhwalithi ye-BMS kanye nokutholakala kokusekelwa ngemva kokuthengisa kuthinta ngqo ukuphila isikhathi eside nokuthembeka kwesistimu yakho. Ukusebenzisana nabafaki abanolwazi nokubonisanaXhumana nathi ikhasi labahlinzeki abathembekile lingakusiza ukuthi ulawule inqubo yokukhetha futhi uthole isixazululo esihambisana nezidingo zakho ezithile. Njengoba ubuchwepheshe buqhubeka buthuthuka futhi izindleko ziqhubeka zehla, akukaze kube nesikhathi esingcono sokulawula ikusasa lamandla ekhaya lakho ngohlelo lwesimanje lokugcina amandla olunobuhlakani.

Isistimu yokugcina amandla ekhaya iyisistimu yebhethri yendawo yokuhlala egcina ugesi ovela kumapaneli elanga noma kugridi ukuze usetshenziswe kamuva. Isebenza ngokushaja ibhethri lapho amandla etholakala (izinsuku ezinelanga noma amahora angaphambi kwesikhathi) futhi ikhiphe amandla lapho isidingo siphezulu noma ngesikhathi sokucima kukagesi. Isistimu ngokuvamile ihlanganisa iphakethe lebhethri, i-inverter yokuguqula amandla e-DC abe yi-AC, kanye nesistimu yokuphatha amandla elawula ukushaja nokukhipha amandla ngokusekelwe ezilungiselelweni zomsebenzisi noma ekwenzeni okuthuthukisiwe okuzenzakalelayo.

Amabhethri esimanje e-lithium iron phosphate (LFP), okuwukhemikhali evame kakhulu ezinhlelweni zanamuhla zokugcina amandla ekhaya, ngokuvamile ahlala phakathi kweminyaka eyi-10 nengu-15 noma imijikelezo yokushaja engu-6,000 kuya kweyi-10,000, noma yikuphi okuqala ukwenzeka. Isikhathi sangempela sokuphila sincike ezintweni ezinjengokujula kokukhishwa kwamandla, izinga lokushisa lokusebenza, nokuthi ibhethri lishajwa kaningi kangakanani. Uhlelo olunakekelwe kahle nokuphathwa kahle kokushisa lungavame ukweqa isikhathi sayo sesiqinisekiso ngeminyaka eminingana.

Yebo, izinhlelo eziningi zesimanje zokugcina amandla ekhaya ziklanyelwe ukuhlanganiswa kalula namaphaneli akhona elanga, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ziyizinto ezintsha noma izinhlelo zokufaka kabusha. Izinhlelo ezixhunywe nge-AC zilungele kakhulu ukufakwa kabusha ngoba zixhuma ku-inverter yelanga ekhona, kuyilapho izinhlelo ezixhunywe nge-DC zisebenza kahle kakhulu ezintweni ezintsha. Kubalulekile ukuhlola ukuhambisana phakathi kwe-inverter yakho yelanga kanye nephrothokholi yokuxhumana yesistimu yebhethri ngaphambi kokuthenga.

I-Tesla Powerwall yibhethri yelanga eyaziwa kakhulu emakethe yokugcina amandla ezindlu, inikeza umklamo oqabulayo, i-inverter ehlanganisiwe, kanye nohlelo lwe-software olungumnikazi. Ezinye izinketho, njengalezo ezivela ku-LG, Enphase, kanye nabakhiqizi bamabhethri e-lithium abazinikele njenge-Horizon lithium Tech Co., Ltd., zingase zinikeze amakhemikhali ahlukile (i-LFP vs. i-NMC), ukuhlelwa okuyimojula, noma izinhlaka zamanani. Ukukhetha okuhle kakhulu kuncike ezidingweni zakho zamandla, isabelomali, nokuthi uthanda uhlelo oluhlangene noma indlela eyimojula.

Izindleko zesistimu yokugcina amandla endlini ziyahlukahluka kakhulu ngokuya ngomthamo, ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali, umkhiqizo, nobunzima bokufaka, ngezintengo ezijwayelekile ezisuka ku-$5,000 kuya ku-$15,000 ngesistimu evamile engu-10–15 kilowatt-hour ngaphambi kwezikhuthazo. Izikweletu zentela zikahulumeni, izaphulelo zombuso, nezinhlelo zezikhuthazo zezinsiza zinganciphisa kakhulu izindleko zokuqala, ngokuvamile ngo-30% noma ngaphezulu e-United States. Kuyalulekwa ukuthi uthole izilinganiso eziningi kubafaki abagunyaziwe futhi ucabangele izindleko eziphelele zobunikazi, okuhlanganisa newaranti nesikhathi esilindelekile sokuphila.

Uma uhlola uhlelo lokugcina amandla ekhaya, kufanele ubheke izitifiketi ezinjenge-UL 9540 (ukuphepha kwezinga lesistimu), i-UL 1973 (ukuphepha kwemojuli yebhethri), kanye ne-IEC 62619 (ukuphepha kwebhethri lezimboni), eziqinisekisa ukuthi umkhiqizo uhlolwe ngokuqinile mayelana nokushisa okungalawuleki, izingozi zikagesi, nokumelana nomlilo. Izitifiketi ezengeziwe ezifana nokuhambisana ne-FCC mayelana nokuphazamiseka kwe-electromagnetic kanye ne-UN38.3 mayelana nokuphepha kwezokuthutha nazo zibalulekile. Lezi zitifiketi zinikeza isiqinisekiso sokuthi uhlelo luhlangabezana namazinga okuphepha amisiwe okusetshenziswa ezindlini.

Ukuthi uhlelo lokugcina amandla endlini lungakwazi yini ukunika amandla indlu yakho yonke ngesikhathi sokucisha ugesi kuncike emandleni alo kanye nezidingo zamandla zendlu yakho. Uhlelo olujwayelekile lwe-10–15 kWh lungakwazi ukunika amandla izinto ezibalulekile ezinjengezibani, isiqandisi, kanye ne-inthanethi amahora ambalwa, kodwa ukusebenzisa izinto ezidonsa amandla amaningi njenge-air conditioning emaphakathi, iziko likagesi, noma amaphampu emithombo kungadinga uhlelo olukhulu noma ukuhlelwa kokusekela indlu yonke. Kubalulekile ukuthi uxoxe nezidingo zakho ezibalulekile nomfaki ukuze unqume umthamo ofanele wezidingo zakho.

Izigcina amandla kugridi yamandla zibhekisela ekufakweni kwamabhethri amakhulu izinkampani zikagesi ezisebenzisa ukuze ziqinise igridi kagesi, zigcine amandla avuselelekayo engeziwe, futhi zinikeze izinsiza zokulawula imvamisa. Ukufakwa kwezinhlelo zokugcina amandla emakhaya kuyindlela efanayo yezindlu, enikeza izinzuzo ezifanayo ezingeni lomndeni, futhi uma kuhlanganiswa ngeziteshi zamandla ezibonakalayo, kungahlinzeka nezinsiza zegridi. Amazinga wokugcina amandla womabili asebenza ndawonye ukwakha ingqalasizinda yamandla eqinile nephumelelayo, enciphisa isidingo seziteshi zamandla ezisebenzisa amafutha ezimbiwa phansi.

Ukugcina uhlelo lokugcina amandla ekhaya kulula uma kuqhathaniswa, ngoba izinhlelo zesimanje zenzelwe ukugcinwa okuncane. Imikhuba ebalulekile ihlanganisa ukugcina ibhethri endaweni elawula izinga lokushisa (okuhle kakhulu phakathi kuka-15°C no-25°C), ukuqinisekisa umoya owanele wokuphatha ukushisa, nokuqapha njalo ukusebenza kohlelo ngohlelo lomkhiqizi noma isango. Kuyalulekwa futhi ukugwema ukukhipha amandla ebhethri ngaphansi kuka-10% wesimo sokushaja nokulandela ishejuli yokuvuselela i-firmware enconyiwe ngumkhiqizi.

Yebo, ubuchwepheshe bokugcina amandla ekhaya kulindeleke ukuthi buqhubeke nokuthuthuka ngokushesha, ngokuqhubekela phambili kumakhemikhali ebhethri (njenge-sodium-ion ne-solid-state), ukuphathwa kwamandla okwenziwa yi-AI, kanye nokuhlanganiswa nezimoto zikagesi nezinhlelo zezindlu ezihlakaniphile. Izindleko kulindeleke ukuthi zehle ngokuqhubekayo njengoba ukukhiqiza kukhula futhi izinto ezintsha ziqala ukuthengiswa. Nakuba kuhlale kunethuba lokulinda intuthuko elandelayo, izinhlelo zamanje ezisekelwe ku-LFP sezinikeza inani elihle kakhulu nempilo ende yokusebenza, okwenza manje kube yisikhathi esifanelekile sokutshala imali uma unesidingo esicacile.